Construction on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia is seen from Fort Wool. Fort Wool is the home of Virginia's largest seabird colony, which was relocated after work began on an expansion of the roadway. (Photos by Will Parson/Chesapeake Bay Program)
A royal tern protects its egg from predators and the harsh sun on Fort Wool. Virginia DWR had sandy substrate added to the island, where birds lay their eggs directly on the ground.
A common tern brings a fish to its young on one of several barges anchored at Fort Wool as nesting habitat in 2020.
A black skimmer flies above the barges at Fort Wool. They and other species at Fort Wool, like common terns, nest exclusively on the barges.
Fort Wool was built in 1819 as a defensive outpost on the James River following the War of 1812. It was decommissioned by the military in 1953.
Ruth Boettcher of Virginia DWR visits Fort Wool in July. Disturbance of the birds is kept at a minimum, with visits lasting just minutes to ensure eggs and young aren't left exposed to the heat.
Fort Wool stands on Riprap Island, and like the nesting habitat it replaced, is largely manmade.
Traffic on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel is seen from Fort Wool. The roadway sees over 100,000 vehicles daily during peak summer months.
Laughing gulls and royal terns perch on an unfinished portion of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel expansion project.
Fort Wool has seen its nesting populations increase over its two years of existence as a colony site, while colonies elsewhere in Virginia have faced declining success amid rising sea level and intense storms.
by Will Parson
October 22, 2021
Virginia’s largest seabird colony is a tiny island dominated every spring by tens of thousands of nesting royal terns, laughing gulls, black skimmers and more. The sight of so many birds harkens back to a prehistoric era when their dinosaur ancestors ruled. But the colony isn’t in some remote corner of the Commonwealth. In fact, during the summer months over 100,000 drivers pass the colony every day on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel.
“It’s mind-boggling how tolerant to disturbance [the birds] are out there,” said Ruth Boettcher of the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR), after a visit to the colony this summer.
On Fort Wool, situated about halfway across the Bridge-Tunnel, the piercing calls of so many birds easily drown out rush hour. The high volume of traffic hasn’t hampered the ability of tens of thousands of royal terns and other birds to successfully hatch their eggs and raise their young.
In the early 1980s, seabirds started nesting on nearby South Island, the manmade chunk of land where the Bridge-Tunnel dives underneath the James River. But in recent years an expansion of the roadway displaced the colony’s habitat as the 2020 nesting season rapidly approached.
The fate of the colony remained in limbo until the middle of February of 2020, just weeks before birds would start returning in early April.
Then, Gov. Ralph Northam issued a mandate that nesting habitat be created on Fort Wool. The mandate also called for barges to be placed next to Fort Wool to provide additional habitat.
Boettcher described a rapid effort, getting contractors to replace trees and grass with sand, where seabirds can lay their eggs. DWR partnered with Virginia Tech’s shorebird program to put out decoys and sound systems playing tern calls to attract seabirds, and to monitor the site.
“The royals showed up right away,” Boettcher said. “As soon as we had that sandy substrate down on Fort Wool, bam, they were there—along with a couple hundred pairs of sandwich terns.”
Barges were in place a little later, by mid-May. Within a couple days, Boettcher said they were seeing common terns using the barges.
She estimated that well over 90% of Virginia’s royal terns and all of its sandwich terns nested there this year.
Other species using Fort Wool include laughing gulls, snowy egrets and just a handful of American oyster catchers, herring gulls and great black-backed gulls. Common terns, black skimmers and gull-billed terns all nest on the barges.
“Overall, I think all the numbers are larger than they were last year,” Boettcher said.
Climate impacts Virginia’s seabirds
The rise of South Island and now Fort Wool as Virginia’s top nesting site for seabirds contrasts sharply with the declining success of birds at other important nesting sites on Virginia’s much less populated Eastern Shore
“They're low-lying islands, they're pristine in nature, but they're highly susceptible to frequent tidal flooding and storm events,” Boettcher said. “We're seeing a lot more flooding events in the marshes. So where wading birds nest, where seabirds nest, they’re just getting inundated.”
As rising sea levels and land subsidence consumes islands around the Chesapeake, and storms become more intense in a warming climate, birds are struggling to adapt.
“It's leading to reduced production of young, and so we're starting to see just overall declines for a number of these species,” Boettcher said.
This year, Virginia’s coastal nesting sites took a hit from a heavy storm over Memorial Day weekend, and then again from the remains of Hurricane Elsa.
“We've had a historical colony in Chincoteague Bay and it was not there this year, because of probably the Memorial Day storm.” said Boettcher, who pointed out that some of the loss was made up by royal terns moving to another coastal island.
Besides the sandwich tern, every species nesting on Fort Wool or the barges has been designated a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Virginia. The gull-billed tern is a state-threatened species.
Terns nest on open sand and must constantly protect their eggs from the harsh summer sun, so buoys mark a restricted zone around Fort Wool to keep boaters from straying too close and disturbing the colony. Intensive management also helps avoid vehicle collisions. But the upside of having a nesting colony so close to humans is that there are more opportunities to appreciate wildlife. Boettcher and others at DWR stay busy with outreach, and work to bring the birds to people online.
“I think people are psyched to see this,” said Boettcher, who pointed out that it was the people who protected the birds in the first place.
“One of the main driving forces behind the mandate that was issued by Gov. Northam was the birding community and just the public outcry that we need to do something for those birds.”
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