Mahogany Tide
Prorocentrum minimum
Ducks swim during a mahogany tide in Spa Creek near the Chesapeake Bay Program headquarters at the Annapolis City Marina in Annapolis, Md., on May 13, 2009. (Photo by Alicia Pimental/Chesapeake Bay Program)
A secchi disk is used to measure water clarity in Spa Creek during an algae bloom called a mahogany tide in Annapolis, Md., on Oct. 28, 2009. (Photo by Alicia Pimental/Chesapeake Bay Program)
The P. minimum is a dinoflagellate, meaning that it is a single-cell organism with two flagella.
Appearance
P. minimum has a yellowish-brown color and can morph into a triangle, heart or leaf-shaped form that ranges between 14-22 micrometers long and 10-15 micrometers wide. It is covered with small spines, has one large pyrenoid and often displays a subtle depression towards the wide end of the cell. When algae blooms of P. minimum occur, the water turns to a reddish-brown hue, commonly referred to as mahogany tide.
Feeding
P. minimum is a mixotrophic organism. It feeds off light from the water’s surface and nutrients, such as carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen.
Predators
Consumption of P. minimum is harmful to organisms and humans. Filter feeders such as oysters, mussels, clams and menhaden are vulnerable to ingesting the venerupin (hepatotoxin) that P. minimum produces, which can result in disease.
Reproduction and Life Cycle
P. minimum reproduces asexually through binary fission. Blooms persist in late spring to late summer, but can also last year-round depending on temperature, salinity and sunlight. When algae blooms decay, they consume dissolve oxygen in the water that organisms need, contributing fish kills and dead zones.
Did You Know?
- P. minimum is considered a protist which means it is neither an animal, plant or fungi.
- Lawn fertilizers, human pollution and septic tank spills exacerbate bloom density in the Chesapeake Bay.
Sources and Additional Information
- Prorocentrum minimum – Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
- Harmful Algal Species in the Chesapeake Bay – Maryland Department of Natural Resources
- Prorocentrum minimum – The Phytoplankton Encyclopedia Project
Quick Facts
Species
Invasive
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Habitat
P. minimum thrives in shallow brackish estuarine waters such as fjords and bays, as well as tropical coastal waters.
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Range
P. minimum can be found in areas that include the Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, Baltic Sea and Scandinavian waters. Occurrences are seasonal and begin in the late spring, extending to the late summer between August and September.
