Publications
Access hundreds of Bay Program publications, from scientific reports to factsheets to memorandums.
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Integrating Science and Developing Approaches to Inform Management for Contaminants of Concern in Agricultural and Urban Settings
Published on January 10, 2020A wide range of contaminants of agricultural, human, and industrial origin have degraded water quality, and pose a threat to the health of fish and wildlife populations, in the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. A May 2019 STAC workshop brought together researchers and water quality managers working in urban and agricultural settings to synthesize the current knowledge on contaminants of concern and discuss opportunities for their reduction.
Incorporating Freshwater Mussels into the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Efforts
Published on July 28, 2021Freshwater mussels were chosen as a focus for this workshop to consider ecosystem services, document biodiversity, outline intersections with Chesapeake Bay issues and to explore their potential to engage partners. The workshop brought diverse expertise together from across the watershed including mussel biologists, nutrient dynamics experts and water quality managers to provide recommendations which are summarized in this report.
Chesapeake Bay Program Climate Change Modeling 2.0
Published on July 22, 2021The Chesapeake Bay Program Climate Change Modeling 2.0 workshop was held in late 2018 to give guidance and expert advice on the models and the assessment framework used to assess the effect of climate change on the TMDL. Scientists and managers developed recommendations that could be implemented to support assignment of any additional load reductions in 2021 and made recommendations on longer-term modeling goals for the partnership. Although a full workshop report is only now being published, several recommendations on near-term model revisions have already been implemented and have supported policy decisions made by the CBP Principals Staff Committee. The longer-term model revisions recommended here will be useful in guiding the partnership regarding future projections of climate change impacts on the attainment of the Bay TMDL and water quality standards.
Linking Soil and Watershed Health to In-Field and Edge-of-Field Water Management
Published on July 8, 2021Improving soil health has gained traction within the farming community because of its importance to long-term crop production and watershed health. To date, management focuses on in-field crop management practices such as reducing tillage, following 4R nutrient stewardship guidelines, and maximizing vegetative cover throughout the year. Guidelines do not address agricultural water management, despite that soil moisture primarily drives underlying soil health processes. In January 2020, STAC partnered with the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, West Virginia University’s Institute of Water Security and Science, The Nature Conservancy, and the Transforming Drainage partnership and convened experts to explore the importance of agricultural water management to achieving soil and watershed restoration goals.
Exploring Satellite Image Integration for the Chesapeake Bay SAV Monitoring Program
Published on March 16, 2021The workshop convened technical and management personnel to consider pathways to achieve the aforementioned goals. Acquiring CSI at no cost is an option under the NextView License agreement between the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and Maxar (previously DigitalGlobe, Inc). The NextView License was developed by the NGA to accommodate United States Government (USG) agencies, contractors, partners, and other entities that require CSI to support USG interests. The basic premise of the agreement is that any federal agency that requires satellite imagery from contracted commercial sources can request and obtain said imagery at no cost to the local agency. As 2017 updates to the Water Resource Development Act, which amends Section 117 of the Clean Water Act, called for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to carry out an annual SAV survey in Chesapeake Bay. This makes it theoretically feasible for the EPA to now request and obtain the high-resolution CSI necessary for the annual SAV assessment.
Assessing the Water Quality, Habitat, and Social Benefits of Green Riprap
Published on October 12, 2022Shoreline alterations in the Chesapeake Bay have led to a loss of native tidal and shallow water habitats throughout the waterways of the Bay. Efforts to reduce the proliferation of shoreline hardening through the use of Living Shorelines and similar restoration practices have slowed the loss of native habitats, but do not address areas that have already been hardened. Green Riprap is a low cost, simple restoration technique to improve the water quality, habitat, and aesthetics of shorelines previously hardened with rock revetments by planting marsh vegetation in the voids between riprap rocks. However, Green Riprap techniques are new to the Chesapeake Bay and before widespread use is encouraged, a synthesis of the science and identification of research gaps are needed. This workshop was developed to provide the foundation to evaluate the state of the science on Green Riprap and its potential for providing enhanced water quality, increased near shore biodiversity, and improved aesthetic functions of previously hardened tidal shorelines.
The workshop brought together scientists, practitioners, and NGOs to share aspects of shoreline systems that Green Riprap could contribute to and elucidate the best practices for their construction. The workshop was a single-day online meeting with an optional field trip to example Green Riprap projects. The workshop convened experts from multiple disciplines to evaluate the state of the science for Green Riprap, including estuarine scientists that study tidal wetlands and tidal shorelines, shoreline engineers, physical modelers, and social scientists. Several Green Riprap projects built by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other groups were shared through talks, a virtual field trip, and an in-person field trip. The talks were followed by discussion on the next steps forward. Results were a prioritized list of research questions related to: site criteria; plant species most effective for Green Riprap use; water quality criteria that could be used to assess project success; ecological benefits, including increased biodiversity; and social benefits, including increased recreational/aesthetic values made possible by Green Riprap habitats.
Key recommendations from the workshop include:
- Additional research to help understand both the best design of these shorelines and their benefits;
- Increased visibility of the technique through the creation of public pilot projects; and
- Additional outreach to all the involved parties, including property owners, contractors, and regulators to ensure clear definitions and that the projects are sited and designed correctly.
Potential partners for addressing these recommendations include the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Wetland and Fish Habitat Workgroups and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
View detailsUsing Ecosystem Services to Increase Progress Toward, and Quantify the Benefits of Multiple CBP Outcomes
Published on February 23, 2024“Ecosystem services” are the benefits ecosystems provide to people. These benefits include providing food, clean air, clean water, recreation, and many other explicit or intrinsic values to people and communities. Investments in Chesapeake Bay restoration are typically designed to improve water quality, given the legal requirements of the Clean Water Act. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement sets goals that encompass a wide range of ecosystem services. A narrow focus on water quality can result in the implementation of practices and policies that maximize nutrient and sediment reductions at the expense of feasible alternatives that offer greater ecosystem services or multiple benefits to living resources and communities.
This workshop was designed to gather input from a diverse array of stakeholders to help shape a coherent framework to identify impactful and durable ways to embed ecosystem services considerations in decision-making. This framework is critical to drive change for both the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and for multiple lagging outcomes in the 2014 Watershed Agreement that provide ecosystem service benefits beyond water quality. As jurisdictions are doubling down on their efforts to meet the TMDL 2025 target date and large investments are being made in environmental restoration and conservation, there is an opportunity to work strategically to achieve a broader set of goals for ecosystems and communities.
View detailsUsing Local Monitoring Results to Inform the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Watershed Model
Published on January 4, 2024The workshop, “Using Local Monitoring Results to Inform the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Watershed Model”, was held in March 2023 to provide insight on the scope of local water quality monitoring efforts within and outside of the Bay watershed that could be used to inform the CBWM. Scientists and managers developed recommendations that could be used by modelers for either calibration or knowledge generation to inform the Phase 7 version of the CBWM currently under development for a 2028 decision by the CBP, recommendations for how local monitoring efforts could be designed or altered to better inform the CBWM, and recommendations for how monitored trends could be used in management. The preliminary presentations for the workshop provided essential background information on the CBWM and data used to parameterize it. This information was the foundation for discussions on existing data gaps, the importance of current local monitoring networks, and best practices for developing future monitoring networks.
View detailsBest Management Practices to Minimize Impacts of Solar Farms on Landscape Hydrology and Water Quality
Published on January 3, 2024As solar energy becomes a lower cost and more efficient source of renewable energy, major utility-scale solar panel installations, or solar farms, are being proposed and installed around the Mid-Atlantic region. These solar farms constitute a major land transformation. This transformation is particularly of interest because there can be substantial alteration of land characteristics in the development process, and solar farms also create a unique land cover with impervious surface over pervious surface, generating potential changes in hydrologic and water quality processes. There is currently wide variability in guidance and understanding of best practices relating to the land development and management of solar farms in the Chesapeake Bay region. Thus, a STAC-led workshop gathered speakers and participants from universities, industry, non-governmental organizations, and multiple levels of government across the Chesapeake Bay watershed to address the following questions in April 2023:
- What is the state of science on how solar farms impact hydrology and water quality under a range of site and management conditions and project scales?
- What are current best management practices and policies, and where in our region are there opportunities for improving recommendations and/or policies?
- What are the key gaps with respect to research needs to better answer understand the implications of utility scale solar development.